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to be well produced

  • 1 well-produced

    adj.
    bien producido.

    Nuevo Diccionario Inglés-Español > well-produced

  • 2 RP well (produced water injection well)

    Карачаганак: промсточная скважина

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > RP well (produced water injection well)

  • 3 electricity produced from renewable energy sources

    1. электроэнергия, произведенная из возобновляемых источников энергии

     

    электроэнергия, произведенная из возобновляемых источников энергии
    Означает электроэнергию, произведенную станциями, использующими только возобновляемые источники энергии, а также долю электроэнергии, произведенной из возобновляемых источников энергии на станциях гибридного типа, также использующих традиционные источники энергии, и включая возобновляемую электроэнергию, используемую для заполнения систем хранения, и исключая электроэнергию, произведенную в результате действия систем хранения (Директива 2001/77/ЕС).
    [Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

    EN

    electricity produced from renewable energy sources
    Shall mean electricity produced by plants using only renewable energy sources, as well as the proportion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in hybrid plants also using conventional energy sources and including renewable electricity used for filling storage systems, and excluding electricity produced as a result of storage systems (Directive 2001/77/EC).
    [Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electricity produced from renewable energy sources

  • 4 RP well

    Карачаганак: (produced water injection well) промсточная скважина

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > RP well

  • 5 produce

    1. noun
    Produkte Pl.; Erzeugnisse Pl.

    ‘produce of Spain’ — "spanisches Erzeugnis"

    2. transitive verb
    1) (bring forward) erbringen [Beweis]; vorlegen [Beweismaterial]; beibringen [Zeugen]; geben [Erklärung]; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrkarte, Papiere]; herausholen [Brieftasche, Portemonnaie, Pistole]

    he produced a few coins from his pocketer holte einige Münzen aus seiner Tasche

    2) produzieren [Show, Film]; inszenieren [Theaterstück, Hörspiel, Fernsehspiel]; herausgeben [Schallplatte, Buch]

    well-producedgut gemacht [Film, Theaterstück, Programm]

    3) (manufacture) herstellen; zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; (in nature; Agric.) produzieren
    4) (create) schreiben [Roman, Gedichte, Artikel, Aufsatz, Symphonie]; schaffen [Gemälde, Skulptur, Meisterwerk]; aufstellen [Theorie]
    5) (cause) hervorrufen; bewirken [Änderung]
    6) (bring into being) erzeugen; führen zu [Situation, Lage, Zustände]
    7) (yield) erzeugen [Ware, Produkt]; geben [Milch]; tragen [Wolle]; legen [Eier]; liefern [Ernte]; fördern [Metall, Kohle]; abwerfen [Ertrag, Gewinn]; hervorbringen [Dichter, Denker, Künstler]; führen zu [Resultat]
    8) (bear) gebären; [Säugetier:] werfen; [Vogel, Reptil:] legen [Eier]; [Fisch, Insekt:] ablegen [Eier]; [Baum, Blume:] tragen [Früchte, Blüten]; entwickeln [Triebe]; bilden [Keime]
    * * *
    1. [prə'dju:s] verb
    1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) hervorholen
    2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) erzeugen
    3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) bewirken
    4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) produzieren
    5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) produzieren
    6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) produzieren, inszenieren
    2. ['prodju:s] noun
    (something that is produced, especially crops, eggs, milk etc from farms: agricultural/farm produce.) das Produkt
    - academic.ru/58165/producer">producer
    - product
    - production
    - productive
    - productivity
    * * *
    pro·duce
    I. vt
    [prəˈdju:s, AM -ˈdu:s]
    to \produce sth etw herstellen [o produzieren]
    to \produce antibodies/red blood cells Antikörper/rote Blutkörperchen produzieren
    to \produce coal/oil Kohle/Erdöl fördern
    to \produce electricity Strom erzeugen
    to \produce ideas/thoughts Ideen/Gedanken entwickeln
    to \produce an illusion eine falsche Vorstellung erwecken
    to \produce a meal eine Mahlzeit zubereiten
    to \produce noise Lärm verursachen
    to \produce a novel/report einen Roman/Bericht schreiben [o verfassen]
    to \produce an odour einen Geruch absondern
    to \produce a painting/a sculpture ein Gemälde/eine Skulptur schaffen
    to \produce a shadow einen Schatten werfen
    to \produce a state of hypnosis einen Hypnosezustand herbeiführen
    to \produce static/sparks atmosphärische Störungen/Funken verursachen [o hervorrufen]
    to \produce wheat Weizen produzieren
    to \produce sth etw bewirken [o hervorrufen]
    to \produce a change eine Änderung bewirken
    to \produce an echo ein Echo hervorrufen
    to \produce an effect eine Wirkung erzielen
    to \produce hysteria/uncertainty Hysterie/Unsicherheit hervorrufen
    to \produce profits/revenue Gewinne/Erträge erzielen [o einbringen]
    to \produce results zu Ergebnissen führen
    to \produce a shift in public opinion die öffentliche Meinung ändern
    to \produce sb/sth jdn/etw zur Welt bringen
    to \produce kittens/puppies/young [Katzen]junge/Welpen/Junge bekommen
    to \produce offspring Nachwuchs bekommen, für Nachwuchs sorgen hum
    4. FILM, MUS
    to \produce sth film, programme etw produzieren; THEAT play, opera etw inszenieren
    to \produce top artists Spitzenkünstler/Spitzenkünstlerinnen produzieren
    to \produce a CD/record eine CD/Schallplatte produzieren
    5. (show)
    to \produce sth etw hervorholen
    to \produce a gun/a knife/a weapon eine Pistole/ein Messer/eine Waffe ziehen
    to \produce identification/one's passport seinen Ausweis/Pass zeigen
    to \produce a present ein Geschenk hervorzaubern
    to \produce a receipt eine Quittung vorlegen
    6. LAW
    to \produce an alibi/a witness ein Alibi/einen Zeugen/eine Zeugin beibringen
    to \produce evidence/proof den Beweis/Nachweis erbringen
    II. vi
    [prəˈdju:s, AM -ˈdu:s]
    1. (bring results) Ergebnisse erzielen; ECON einen Gewinn erwirtschaften
    2. (give output) produzieren; mine fördern
    3. (be fertile) humans Nachwuchs bekommen; plant Früchte tragen; land ertragreich sein
    4. FILM einen Film produzieren; THEAT ein Stück inszenieren
    III. n
    [ˈprɒdju:s, AM ˈprɑ:du:s, ˈproʊ-]
    1. AGR Erzeugnisse pl, Produkte pl
    dairy \produce Milchprodukte pl, Molkereiprodukte pl
    French \produce [or \produce of France] französische Erzeugnisse
    2. AM (fruit and vegetables) Obst nt und Gemüse nt
    IV. n
    [ˈprɒdju:s, AM ˈprɑ:du:s, ˈproʊ-]
    modifier AM (market, order, purveyor) Obst- und Gemüse-
    \produce section Obst- und Gemüseabteilung f
    * * *
    ['prɒdjuːs]
    1. n no pl (AGR)
    Produkt(e pl), Erzeugnis(se) nt(pl)

    Italian produce, produce of Italy — italienisches Erzeugnis

    2. vt
    [prə'djuːs]
    1) (= yield) produzieren; (IND) produzieren, herstellen; electricity, energy, heat erzeugen; crop abwerfen; coal fördern, produzieren; (= create) book, article, essay schreiben; painting, sculpture anfertigen; ideas, novel etc, masterpiece hervorbringen; interest, return on capital bringen, abwerfen; meal machen, herstellen

    the sort of environment that produces criminal types —

    to be well produced — gut gemacht sein; (goods also) gut gearbeitet sein

    2) (= bring forward, show) gift, wallet etc hervorholen (from, out of aus); pistol ziehen (from, out of aus); proof, evidence liefern, beibringen; results liefern; effect erzielen; witness beibringen; ticket, documents vorzeigen

    she managed to produce something special for dinner — es gelang ihr, zum Abendessen etwas Besonderes auf den Tisch zu bringen

    I can't produce it out of thin airich kann es doch nicht aus dem Nichts hervorzaubern or aus dem Ärmel schütteln (inf)

    if we don't produce results soon —

    3) play inszenieren; film produzieren
    4) (= cause) famine, bitterness, impression, interest etc hervorrufen; spark erzeugen
    5) (MATH) line verlängern
    3. vi
    [prə'djuːs]
    1) (THEAT) das/ein Stück inszenieren; (FILM) den/einen Film produzieren
    2) (factory, mine) produzieren; (land) Ertrag bringen; (tree) tragen

    this cow hasn't produced for years (produced calf) (produced milk) when is she going to produce? (hum)diese Kuh hat jahrelang nicht mehr gekalbt diese Kuh hat jahrelang keine Milch mehr gegeben wann ist es denn so weit?

    it's about time that you produced (hum)es wird bald Zeit, dass ihr mal an Nachwuchs denkt

    * * *
    produce [prəˈdjuːs; US auch -ˈduːs]
    A v/t
    1. a) Künstler etc hervorbringen, Werke etc schaffen
    b) hervorrufen, bewirken, eine Wirkung erzielen:
    produce a smile ein Lächeln hervorrufen
    2. Waren etc produzieren, erzeugen, herstellen, fertigen, ein Buch herausbringen oder verfassen, Erz, Kohle etc gewinnen, fördern
    3. a) BOT Früchte etc hervorbringen
    b) ZOOL Junge werfen
    c) hum ein Kind etc bekommen
    4. WIRTSCH einen Gewinn etc (ein)bringen, (-)tragen, abwerfen, erzielen:
    capital produces interest Kapital trägt oder bringt Zinsen
    5. heraus-, hervorziehen, -holen ( alle:
    from aus der Tasche etc)
    6. seinen Ausweis etc (vor)zeigen, vorlegen
    7. Zeugen, Beweise etc beibringen
    8. Gründe vorbringen, anführen
    9. einen Film produzieren, herausbringen, ein Theaterstück, Hör- oder Fernsehspiel
    a) aufführen
    b) einstudieren, inszenieren, THEAT, RADIO Br Regie führen bei:
    produce o.s. fig sich produzieren
    10. einen Schauspieler etc herausbringen
    11. MATH eine Linie verlängern
    B v/i
    1. produzieren:
    the factory has not yet begun to produce die Fabrik hat die Produktion noch nicht aufgenommen
    2. a) BOT (Früchte) tragen
    b) ZOOL werfen
    c) hum Nachwuchs bekommen
    3. WIRTSCH Gewinn(e) abwerfen
    C s produce [ˈprɒdjuːs; US ˈprɑduːs]
    1. (Boden-, Landes) Produkte pl, (Natur) Erzeugnis(se) n(pl):
    produce exchange Produktenbörse f;
    produce market Waren-, Produktenmarkt m
    2. Ertrag m, Gewinn m
    3. TECH (Erz)Ausbeute f
    4. TECH Leistung f, Ausstoß m
    prod abk
    * * *
    1. noun
    Produkte Pl.; Erzeugnisse Pl.

    ‘produce of Spain’ — "spanisches Erzeugnis"

    2. transitive verb
    1) (bring forward) erbringen [Beweis]; vorlegen [Beweismaterial]; beibringen [Zeugen]; geben [Erklärung]; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrkarte, Papiere]; herausholen [Brieftasche, Portemonnaie, Pistole]
    2) produzieren [Show, Film]; inszenieren [Theaterstück, Hörspiel, Fernsehspiel]; herausgeben [Schallplatte, Buch]

    well-producedgut gemacht [Film, Theaterstück, Programm]

    3) (manufacture) herstellen; zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; (in nature; Agric.) produzieren
    4) (create) schreiben [Roman, Gedichte, Artikel, Aufsatz, Symphonie]; schaffen [Gemälde, Skulptur, Meisterwerk]; aufstellen [Theorie]
    5) (cause) hervorrufen; bewirken [Änderung]
    6) (bring into being) erzeugen; führen zu [Situation, Lage, Zustände]
    7) (yield) erzeugen [Ware, Produkt]; geben [Milch]; tragen [Wolle]; legen [Eier]; liefern [Ernte]; fördern [Metall, Kohle]; abwerfen [Ertrag, Gewinn]; hervorbringen [Dichter, Denker, Künstler]; führen zu [Resultat]
    8) (bear) gebären; [Säugetier:] werfen; [Vogel, Reptil:] legen [Eier]; [Fisch, Insekt:] ablegen [Eier]; [Baum, Blume:] tragen [Früchte, Blüten]; entwickeln [Triebe]; bilden [Keime]
    * * *
    n.
    Gewachs -¨e n. v.
    erzeugen v.
    herstellen v.
    hervorholen v.
    produzieren v.
    vorweisen v.
    vorzeigen v.

    English-german dictionary > produce

  • 6 produce

    produits1 produire2 (a)-(c), 2 (f), 2 (g) rapporter2 (b) donner naissance à2 (d) causer2 (e) provoquer2 (e)
    1 noun
    ['prɒdju:s] (UNCOUNT) produits mpl (alimentaires);
    agricultural/dairy produce produits mpl agricoles/laitiers;
    farm produce produits mpl agricoles ou de la ferme;
    home produce produits mpl du pays;
    they eat their own produce ils mangent ce qu'ils produisent;
    produce of Spain (on packaging) produit en Espagne
    2 transitive verb [prə'dju:s]
    (a) (manufacture, make) produire, fabriquer;
    we aren't producing enough spare parts nous ne produisons pas assez de pièces détachées;
    our factory produces spare parts for washing machines notre usine fabrique des pièces détachées pour machines à laver;
    Denmark produces dairy products le Danemark est un pays producteur de produits laitiers;
    we have produced three new models this year nous avons sorti trois nouveaux modèles cette année
    (b) (yield → minerals, crops) produire; (→ interest, profit) rapporter;
    this mine is producing less and less coal la production de charbon de cette mine est en déclin;
    this region produces good wine cette région produit du bon vin;
    halogen lamps produce a lot of light les lampes halogènes donnent beaucoup de lumière;
    my investments produce a fairly good return mes investissements sont d'un assez bon rapport;
    this account produces a high rate of interest ce compte rapporte des intérêts élevés
    (c) (bring out → book, record) produire, sortir; (publish) publier, éditer;
    he hasn't produced a new painting for over a year now cela fait maintenant plus d'un an qu'il n'a rien peint;
    she has produced a lot of poetry elle a publié de nombreux poèmes;
    the publishers produced a special edition les éditeurs ont publié ou sorti une édition spéciale
    (d) Biology (give birth to → of woman) donner naissance à; (→ of animal) produire, donner naissance à; (secrete → saliva, sweat etc) secréter;
    she produced many children elle a eu de nombreux enfants
    (e) (bring about → situation, problem) causer, provoquer, créer; (→ illness, death) causer, provoquer; (→ anger, pleasure, reaction) susciter, provoquer; (→ effect) provoquer, produire;
    the first candidate produced a favourable impression on the panel le premier candidat a fait une impression favorable sur le jury;
    the team has produced some good results/some surprises this season l'équipe a obtenu quelques bons résultats/provoqué quelques surprises cette saison;
    she can produce a meal from nothing il lui suffit d'un rien pour cuisiner un bon repas;
    the drug produces a sensation of well-being cette drogue procure une sensation de bien-être
    (f) (present, show → evidence, documents) présenter, produire;
    he produced a £5 note from his pocket il a sorti un billet de 5 livres de sa poche;
    you have to be able to produce identification vous devez pouvoir présenter une pièce d'identité;
    the defendant was unable to produce any proof l'accusé n'a pu fournir ou apporter aucune preuve;
    to produce a witness faire comparaître un témoin;
    they produced some excellent arguments ils ont avancé d'excellents arguments;
    she is continually producing new ideas elle ne cesse d'avoir des idées nouvelles;
    he finally managed to produce the money il a enfin réussi à trouver l'argent ou réunir la somme nécessaire
    (g) (finance → film, play, programme) produire; (make → documentary, current affairs programme) réaliser;
    a well-produced play une pièce bien montée
    (h) Geometry (line) prolonger, continuer
    (i) Chemistry, Electricity & Physics (reaction, spark) produire; (discharge) produire, provoquer; (vacuum) faire, créer
    3 intransitive verb [prə'dju:s]
    (a) (yield → factory, mine) produire, rendre
    (b) (organize production of a film, play, radio or TV programme) assurer la production; (make film or programme) assurer la réalisation

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > produce

  • 7 produce

       a. ( = make) produire ; [+ interest, profit] rapporter ; [+ offspring] donner naissance à
       b. ( = bring out) [+ gift, gun] sortir ; [+ ticket, documents, witness] produire
       c. ( = cause) causer
       d. [+ play] mettre en scène ; [+ film] produire ; [+ programme] réaliser
    3. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    Lorsque produce est un verbe, l'accent tombe sur la deuxième syllabe: prəˈdju:s, lorsque c'est un nom, sur la première: ˈprɒdju:s.
    * * *
    1. ['prɒdjuːs], US [-duːs]
    noun [U] produits mpl
    2. [prə'djuːs], US [-'duːs]
    1) ( cause) gen, Biology produire [result, effect, plant]; provoquer [reaction, change]
    2) Agriculture, Industry [region, farmer, company] produire ( from à partir de); [worker, machine] fabriquer
    3) (generate, create) produire [heat, sound, energy]; rapporter [gains, profits, returns]
    4) ( present) produire [passport, report]; fournir [evidence, argument, example]
    5) Cinema, Music, Radio, Television produire [show, film]; GB Theatre mettre [quelque chose] en scène [play]
    6) ( put together) préparer [meal]; mettre au point [argument, timetable, package, solution]; éditer [brochure, guide]

    English-French dictionary > produce

  • 8 produce

    A, US [transcription][-du;s] n ¢ produits mpl ; agricultural produce produits agricoles ; ‘produce of Spain’ ‘produit d'Espagne’.
    B, US [transcription][-"du ;s"] vtr
    1 ( cause) produire [effect, agreement, result, success] ; provoquer [reaction, change] ;
    2 Agric, Ind [region, industry, farmer, company] produire (from à partir de) ; [worker, machine] fabriquer ;
    3 ( biologically) [gland, animal, plant] produire ; to produce young produire des petits ; to produce children donner naissance à des enfants, procréer hum ;
    4 ( generate) produire [heat, electricity, sound, energy, fumes, gas] ; rapporter [gains, profits, returns] ; to produce electricity from coal produire de l'électricité à partir du charbon ;
    5 (form, create) [school, course, era, country] produire [scientist, artist, worker] ; the country that produceed Picasso le pays qui a vu naître Picasso ; to produce a work of art produire une œuvre d'art ;
    6 ( present) produire [passport, voucher, document, report, statement] ; fournir [evidence, argument, example] ; to produce sth from sortir qch de [pocket, bag] ; to produce sth from behind one's back faire apparaître qch de derrière son dos ;
    7 Cin, Mus, Radio, TV produire [film, programme, show] ; GB Theat mettre [qch] en scène [play] ; well-produced [film, programme, recording] bien réalisé ;
    8 ( put together) préparer [meal] ; mettre au point [argument, timetable, package, solution] ; éditer [leaflet, brochure, guide] ; a well-produced brochure une brochure bien faite ;
    9 Sport ( achieve) marquer [goal] ; obtenir [result] ; to produce a fine performance jouer remarquablement ;
    10 Math prolonger [line].

    Big English-French dictionary > produce

  • 9 Agriculture

       Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.
       The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.
       The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.
       Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Agriculture

  • 10 produce

    1. prə'dju:s verb
    1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) sacar, extraer
    2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) tener, dar a luz
    3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) provocar, producir
    4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) producir, fabricar
    5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) producir
    6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) poner en escena (teatro); producir

    2. 'prodju:s noun
    (something that is produced, especially crops, eggs, milk etc from farms: agricultural/farm produce.) productos (agrícolas)
    - product
    - production
    - productive
    - productivity

    produce1 n productos
    produce2 vb
    1. producir / fabricar
    2. producir / dar
    3. producir / poner en escena
    4. sacar / enseñar
    tr[ (vb) prə'djʊːs; (n) 'prɒdjʊːs]
    1 (gen) producir; (manufacture) producir, fabricar
    3 (show) enseñar, presentar; (bring out) sacar
    4 (cause) producir, causar
    5 (film) producir; (play) poner en escena, dirigir; (tv programme) realizar
    produce [prə'du:s, -'dju:s] vt, - duced ; - ducing
    1) exhibit: presentar, mostrar
    2) yield: producir
    3) cause: producir, causar
    4) create: producir
    to produce a poem: escribir un poema
    5) : poner en escena (una obra de teatro), producir (una película)
    produce ['prɑ.du:s, 'pro:-, -.dju:s] n
    : productos mpl agrícolas
    n.
    producción s.f.
    producto s.m.
    v.
    fabricar v.
    hacer v.
    (§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-
    pp: hecho
    fut/c: har-•)
    ocasionar v.
    presentar v.
    procurar v.
    producir v.
    (§pres: produzco, produces...) pret: produj-•)
    rendir v.
    rentar v.
    sacar v.
    surtir v.

    I prə'duːs, prə'djuːs
    1)
    a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*
    b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

    a university which has produced many great scientistsuna universidad que ha dado or de donde han salido muchos grandes científicos

    c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*
    d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*
    2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*
    3)
    a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena
    b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

    II 'prɑːduːs, 'prɒdjuːs
    mass noun productos mpl (alimenticios)
    1. [prǝ'djuːs]
    VT
    1) (=yield) [+ coal, crop, electricity, sound] producir; [+ milk] [farm] producir; [cow] dar; [+ interest] rendir, producir; [+ profit, benefits] producir, reportar

    oil-producing countriespaíses mpl productores de petróleo

    2) (=manufacture) [+ cars, weapons, drugs] fabricar, producir
    3) (=create) [+ novel] escribir; [+ magazine] publicar; [+ musical work] componer
    4) (=give birth to) [+ offspring] [animal] parir; [woman] tener, dar a luz a; [parents] tener
    5) (=bring out, supply) [+ gift, handkerchief, gun] sacar; [+ ticket, documents, evidence, proof] presentar; [+ argument] dar, presentar; [+ witness] nombrar; [+ meal] preparar
    6) (Cine, Theat) [+ film, play, show] producir; (TV, Rad) realizar; (Publishing) [+ magazine] publicar; (Mus) [+ record] producir
    7) (=cause) [+ symptoms] producir, causar; [+ response] provocar, producir

    it produced a sensation of drowsinessproducía or causaba una sensación de somnolencia

    by combining the two kinds of paint you can produce some interesting effects — combinando las dos clases de pintura puedes conseguir efectos interesantes

    you may find that just threatening this course of action will produce the desired effect — puedes encontrarte con que amenazar este procedimiento producirá el efecto deseado

    8) (Geom) [+ line, plane] prolongar
    2. [prǝ'djuːs]
    VI
    1) [mine, oil well, factory] producir; [land, tree] dar fruto(s); [cow] dar leche; [person] rendir
    2) (Theat, Cine) producir; (TV, Rad) realizar
    3.
    ['prɒdjuːs]
    N (Agr) productos mpl agrícolas, productos mpl del campo

    produce of Turkeyproducto m de Turquía

    produce of more than one countryproducto m elaborado en varios países

    dairy 2., farm 4.
    4.
    ['prɒdjuːs]
    CPD

    produce counter N(US) mostrador m de verdura

    produce store N(US) verdulería f

    * * *

    I [prə'duːs, prə'djuːs]
    1)
    a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*
    b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

    a university which has produced many great scientistsuna universidad que ha dado or de donde han salido muchos grandes científicos

    c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*
    d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*
    2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*
    3)
    a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena
    b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

    II ['prɑːduːs, 'prɒdjuːs]
    mass noun productos mpl (alimenticios)

    English-spanish dictionary > produce

  • 11 yield

    1. transitive verb
    1) (give) bringen; hervorbringen [Ernte]; tragen [Obst]; abwerfen [Gewinn]; ergeben [Resultat, Informationen]
    2) (surrender) übergeben [Festung]; lassen [Vortritt]; abtreten [Besitz] (to an + Akk.)

    yield the point — [in diesem Punkt] nachgeben

    yield a point to somebodyjemandem in einem Punkt nachgeben

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (surrender) sich unterwerfen

    yield to threats/temptation — Drohungen (Dat.) nachgeben/der Versuchung (Dat.) erliegen

    yield to persuasion/somebody's entreaties — sich überreden lassen/jemandes Bitten (Dat.) nachgeben

    2) (give right of way) Vorfahrt gewähren
    3. noun
    1) Ertrag, der
    2) (return on investment) Zins[ertrag], der

    a 10 % yield — 10 % Zinsen

    * * *
    [ji:ld] 1. verb
    1) (to give up; to surrender: He yielded to the other man's arguments; He yielded all his possessions to the state.) aufgeben, abtreten
    2) (to give way to force or pressure: At last the door yielded.) nachgeben
    3) (to produce naturally, grow etc: How much milk does that herd of cattle yield?) liefern
    2. noun
    (the amount produced by natural means: the annual yield of wheat.) der Ertrag
    * * *
    [ji:ld]
    I. n
    1. AGR (amount produced) Ertrag m; (field produce) Ernte f; (in recipes)
    \yield: 10 pieces ergibt 10 Stück
    2. MIN, GEOL (amount gained) gewonnene Menge, Ausbeute f
    3. FIN (financial return) [Zins]ertrag m, Gewinn m, Rendite f
    \yield of tax[es] Steueraufkommen nt
    initial \yields anfängliche Gewinne
    II. vt
    to \yield sth etw hervorbringen; cereals, fruit etw erzeugen
    this area of land should \yield several tons of barley dieses Stück Land sollte für etliche Tonnen Gerste gut sein
    2. (render)
    to \yield sth mine, quarry, oil wells etw liefern [o ergeben]; energy, water supplies etw spenden; (provide) etw hergeben
    to \yield information/results Informationen/Ergebnisse liefern
    the talks with management failed to \yield any results die Gespräche mit dem Management blieben ergebnislos
    3. FIN
    to \yield sth etw abwerfen
    the bonds are currently \yielding 6-7% die Pfandbriefe bringen derzeit 6-7 %
    4. (concede)
    to \yield sth [to sb] etw [an jdn] abgeben; competence, responsibility etw [an jdn weiter]delegieren
    to \yield responsibility Verantwortung übertragen
    5. (give in)
    to \yield ground to sb jdm [gegenüber] nachgeben
    to \yield a point to sb jdm ein Zugeständnis machen; (in discussion) jdm in einem Punkt Recht geben; (in competition) einen Punkt an jdn abgeben
    III. vi
    1. (be profitable) Ertrag geben; land [gute] Ernte[n] erbringen; trees tragen; mine, oil well ergiebig sein; investments einträglich sein, Gewinn abwerfen
    2. (give way) nachgeben
    to \yield to sth/sb etw/jdm gegenüber nachgeben
    to \yield to a demand/temptation einer Forderung/Versuchung nachgeben
    3. (bend) material, structure nachgeben
    4. ( form: be replaced by) weichen
    the small houses had been forced to \yield to a modern tower block die Häuser mussten einem modernen Wohnblock weichen
    5. (give right of way)
    to \yield to sb jdm den Vortritt lassen
    to \yield to a vehicle einem Fahrzeug [die] Vorfahrt gewähren
    6. AM ( form)
    to \yield to sb jdm das Wort erteilen
    7. MIL ( old: surrender) sich akk ergeben
    * * *
    [jiːld]
    1. vt
    1) (land) fruit, crop hervorbringen; (tree) fruit tragen; (mine, oil well) bringen; (shares, money) interest, profit (ein)bringen, abwerfen; result (hervor)bringen; opportunity, clue ergeben

    the information yielded by the poll — die Information, die die Meinungsumfrage ergeben hat

    this yielded a weekly increase of 20% — das brachte eine wöchentliche Steigerung von 20%

    2) (= surrender, concede) aufgeben

    to yield sth to sbetw an jdn abtreten

    to yield a point to sb — jdm einen Punkt zukommen lassen; (in competition) einen Punkt an jdn abgeben

    2. vi
    1) (tree, land) tragen; (mine, oil well) Ertrag bringen; (shares, money) sich verzinsen, Zinsen or Profit einbringen or abwerfen

    land that yields well — Land, das ertragreich ist

    2)

    (= surrender, give way) they yielded to us (Mil)sie haben sich uns (dat) ergeben; (general) sie haben nachgegeben

    at last she yielded to him/to his charm —

    to yield to force/superior forces (Mil) — der Gewalt/Übermacht weichen or nachgeben

    he yielded to her requestser gab ihren Bitten nach

    3) (= give way branch, beam, rope, floor, ground) nachgeben

    to yield under pressure — unter Druck nachgeben; (fig) dem Druck weichen

    4) (MOT)

    to yield to oncoming trafficden Gegenverkehr vorbeilassen

    "yield" (US, Ir) — "Vorfahrt beachten!"

    3. n
    (of land, tree) Ertrag m; (of work also) Ergebnis nt; (of mine, well) Ausbeute f; (of industry) (= goods) Produktion f; (= profit) Gewinne pl, Erträge pl; (FIN, of shares, business) Ertrag m, Gewinn m
    * * *
    yield [jiːld]
    A v/t
    1. (als Ertrag) ergeben, (ein-, er-, hervor)bringen, besonders einen Gewinn abwerfen, Früchte etc, auch WIRTSCH Zinsen tragen, ein Produkt liefern:
    yield 6% WIRTSCH
    a) sich mit 6% verzinsen,
    b) 6% Rendite abwerfen; academic.ru/38718/interest">interest A 11
    2. ein Resultat ergeben, liefern
    3. einen Begriff geben (of von)
    4. jemandem Dank, Ehre etc erweisen, zollen
    5. gewähren, zugestehen, einräumen:
    yield consent einwilligen;
    yield one’s consent to sb jemandem seine Einwilligung geben;
    yield the point sich (in einer Debatte) geschlagen geben;
    yield precedence to sb jemandem den Vorrang einräumen;
    yield right of way to sb AUTO jemandem die Vorfahrt gewähren
    a) auf-, hergeben,
    b) (to) abtreten (an akk), überlassen, -geben (dat), ausliefern (dat oder an akk):
    yield o.s. to sich (einer Sache) überlassen;
    yield o.s. prisoner sich gefangen geben;
    yield a place to (dat) Platz machen;
    yield a secret ein Geheimnis preisgeben; palm2 3
    7. obs zugeben
    8. obs vergelten, belohnen
    B v/i
    1. einen guten etc Ertrag geben oder liefern, besonders AGR gut etc tragen
    2. nachgeben, weichen (Sache oder Person):
    yield to despair sich der Verzweiflung hingeben;
    yield to force der Gewalt weichen;
    yield to treatment MED auf eine Behandlung(smethode) ansprechen (Krankheit);
    “yield” AUTO US „Vorfahrt gewähren!“
    3. sich unterwerfen, sich fügen ( beide:
    to dat)
    4. einwilligen (to in akk)
    5. nachstehen (to dat):
    yield to none in sth keinem in einer Sache nachstehen
    C s
    1. Ertrag m:
    a) AGR Ernte f
    b) Ausbeute f ( auch PHYS, TECH), Gewinn m:
    yield of radiation PHYS Strahlungsertrag, -ausbeute;
    yield of tax(es) WIRTSCH Steueraufkommen n, -ertrag
    2. WIRTSCH
    a) Zinsertrag m
    b) Rendite f
    3. TECH
    a) Metallgehalt m (von Erzen)
    b) Ausgiebigkeit f (von Farben etc)
    c) Nachgiebigkeit f (von Material)
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (give) bringen; hervorbringen [Ernte]; tragen [Obst]; abwerfen [Gewinn]; ergeben [Resultat, Informationen]
    2) (surrender) übergeben [Festung]; lassen [Vortritt]; abtreten [Besitz] (to an + Akk.)

    yield the point — [in diesem Punkt] nachgeben

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (surrender) sich unterwerfen

    yield to threats/temptation — Drohungen (Dat.) nachgeben/der Versuchung (Dat.) erliegen

    yield to persuasion/somebody's entreaties — sich überreden lassen/jemandes Bitten (Dat.) nachgeben

    2) (give right of way) Vorfahrt gewähren
    3. noun
    1) Ertrag, der
    2) (return on investment) Zins[ertrag], der

    a 10 % yield — 10 % Zinsen

    * * *
    v.
    einbringen v.
    erbringen v.
    hervorbringen v.
    liefern (Ergebnis einer math. Gleichung) v.
    nachgeben v.
    weichen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: wich, ist gewichen) n.
    Ausbeute - f.
    Ertrag -ë m.
    Gewinn -e m.

    English-german dictionary > yield

  • 12 yield

    I [jiːld]
    1) (amount produced) produzione f., prodotto m.; (of tree, field) raccolto m.
    2) econ. (of shares, etc.) rendita f., rendimento m. ( from, on di)
    II 1. [jiːld]
    1) (produce) [animal, land, mine] produrre
    2) econ. rendere, fruttare
    3) (provide) fornire, dare [information, result]; dare [meaning, clue]; svelare [ secret]
    4) (surrender) cedere

    to yield ground tomil. cedere terreno a (anche fig.)

    2.
    1) (to person, temptation, threats) cedere; (to army, arguments) arrendersi
    2) (under weight, pressure) cedere

    to yield to — [ technology] cedere il passo a; [ countryside] lasciare il posto a

    to yield well, poorly — avere un buon, cattivo rendimento

    5) AE aut. dare la precedenza
    * * *
    [ji:ld] 1. verb
    1) (to give up; to surrender: He yielded to the other man's arguments; He yielded all his possessions to the state.) cedere
    2) (to give way to force or pressure: At last the door yielded.) cedere
    3) (to produce naturally, grow etc: How much milk does that herd of cattle yield?) produrre
    2. noun
    (the amount produced by natural means: the annual yield of wheat.) produzione
    * * *
    yield /ji:ld/
    n. [cu]
    1 prodotto; raccolto: a good yield of barley, un buon raccolto d'orzo
    2 (ind., agric.) rendimento; resa; produzione: What's the average yield of the farm?, qual è la produzione media del podere?
    3 (econ., fin.) rendimento; frutto: Yields have declined in a number of markets in the first quarter, i rendimenti in alcuni mercati sono diminuiti nel primo trimestre; dividend yield, tasso di rendimento azionario; yield on securities, rendimento su titoli
    5 [u] (tecn.) cedevolezza; duttilità
    6 [u] (mecc.) snervamento
    ● (fin.) yield curve, curva dei rendimenti □ ( Borsa) yield gap, scarto di rendimento ( tra azioni e titoli a reddito fisso) □ (fin.) the yield of investments, la resa degli investimenti □ (fisc.) yield of taxation, gettito fiscale □ (mecc.) yield point, carico di snervamento □ (mecc.) yield stress, tensione (o limite) di snervamento □ (fin.: di un titolo) yield to maturity [redemption], rendimento alla scadenza [al rimborso].
    ♦ (to) yield /ji:ld/
    A v. t.
    1 produrre; dare; fruttare; rendere; Our farm has yielded a good crop this year, il nostro podere ha dato un buon raccolto quest'anno; The tin mine has yielded poorly, la miniera di stagno ha reso poco
    2 cedere; concedere; dare; abbandonare: (fig.) to yield ground, cedere terreno; (mil.) to yield a position to the enemy, abbandonare una posizione al nemico; to yield a point in a debate, cedere su un punto in una discussione; concedere un punto in favore dell'avversario
    3 dare, abbandonare, consegnare (q.): to yield oneself prisoner, darsi prigioniero
    4 (fin.) rendere; fruttare; dare: These stocks now yield 9%, queste azioni rendono ora il 9 per cento
    5 ( d'imposta o tassa) dare un gettito di: Petrol tax yielded several billion euros last year, l'imposta sulla benzina ha dato un gettito di vari miliardi di euro l'anno scorso
    B v. i.
    1 cedere; arrendersi; darsi per vinto; sottomettersi: We will never yield ( to blackmail), non cederemo mai (al ricatto); The Greeks had to yield to the Roman conquerors, i greci dovettero sottomettersi ai conquistatori romani
    2 cedere; piegarsi: The roof of the cottage yielded under the weight of the snow, il tetto della casetta ha ceduto sotto il peso della neve
    3 cedere; lasciare il posto a: Winter is yielding to spring, l'inverno sta lasciando il posto alla primavera
    4 (fig.) cedere: to yield to temptation, cedere alla tentazione
    ● (autom.) «yield!» ( cartello stradale in USA), «dare la precedenza!» □ (form.) to yield an answer, dare una risposta □ (lett.) to yield consent, acconsentire □ (mil.) to yield a fortress, consegnare una fortezza al nemico □ (fig.) to yield the palm, cedere la palma ( della vittoria); farsi battere □ to yield place to, lasciare il posto a, essere seguito da □ to yield one's pride of place, lasciare ad altri il posto d'onore □ (autom.) to yield right of way, dare la precedenza □ to yield to sb. 's requests, accedere alle richieste di q. to yield to persuasion, lasciarsi convincere □ (market., pubbl.) Our goods yield to none, la nostra merce è imbattibile □ I yield to none!, non sono secondo a nessuno ( nel mio entusiasmo per la cosa, nell'ammirarlo, ecc.).
    * * *
    I [jiːld]
    1) (amount produced) produzione f., prodotto m.; (of tree, field) raccolto m.
    2) econ. (of shares, etc.) rendita f., rendimento m. ( from, on di)
    II 1. [jiːld]
    1) (produce) [animal, land, mine] produrre
    2) econ. rendere, fruttare
    3) (provide) fornire, dare [information, result]; dare [meaning, clue]; svelare [ secret]
    4) (surrender) cedere

    to yield ground tomil. cedere terreno a (anche fig.)

    2.
    1) (to person, temptation, threats) cedere; (to army, arguments) arrendersi
    2) (under weight, pressure) cedere

    to yield to — [ technology] cedere il passo a; [ countryside] lasciare il posto a

    to yield well, poorly — avere un buon, cattivo rendimento

    5) AE aut. dare la precedenza

    English-Italian dictionary > yield

  • 13 McKay, Hugh Victor

    [br]
    b. c. 1866 Drummartin, Victoria, Australia
    d. 21 May 1926 Australia
    [br]
    Australian inventor and manufacturer of harvesting and other agricultural equipment.
    [br]
    A farmer's son, at the age of 17 McKay developed modifications to the existing stripper harvester and created a machine that would not only strip the seed from standing corn, but was able to produce a threshed, winnowed and clean sample in one operation. The prototype was produced in 1884 and worked well on the two acres of wheat that had been set aside on the family farm. By arrangement with a Melbourne plough maker, five machines were made and sold for the 1885 season. In 1886 the McKay Harvester Company was formed, with offices at Ballarat, from which the machines, built by various companies, were sold. The business expanded quickly, selling sixty machines in 1888, and eventually rising to the production of nearly 2,000 harvesters in 1905. The name "Sunshine" was given to the harvester, and the "Sun" prefix was to appear on all other implements produced by the company as it diversified its production interests. In 1902 severe drought reduced machinery sales and left 2,000 harvesters unsold. McKay was forced to look to export markets to dispose of his surplus machines. By 1914 a total of 10,000 machines were being exported annually. During the First World War McKay was appointed to the Business Board of the Defence Department. Increases in the scale of production resulted in the company moving to Melbourne, where it was close to the port of entry of raw materials and was able to export the finished article more readily. In 1909 McKay produced one of the first gas-engined harvesters, but its cost prevented it from being more than an experimental prototype. By this time McKay was the largest agricultural machinery manufacturer in the Southern hemisphere, producing a wide range of implements, including binders. In 1916 McKay hired Headlie Taylor, who had developed a machine capable of harvesting fallen crops. The jointly developed machine was a major success, coming as it did in what would otherwise have been a disastrous Australian harvest. Further developments included the "Sun Auto-header" in 1923, the first of the harvesting machines to adopt the "T" configuration to be seen on modern harvesters. The Australian market was expanding fast and a keen rivalry developed between McKay and Massey Harris. Confronted by the tariff regulations with which the Australian Government had protected its indigenous machinery industry since 1906, Massey Harris sold all its Australian assets to the H.V. McKay company in 1930. Twenty-three years later Massey Ferguson acquired the old Sunshine works and was still operating from there in the 1990s.
    Despite a long-running history of wage disputes with his workforce, McKay established a retiring fund as well as a self-help fund for distressed cases. Before his death he created a charitable trust and requested that some funds should be made available for the "aerial experiments" which were to lead to the establishment of the Flying Doctor Service.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE.
    Further Reading
    Graeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (devotes a chapter to the unique development of harvesting machinery which took place in Australia).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > McKay, Hugh Victor

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 Holt, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USA
    d. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA
    [br]
    American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.
    [br]
    In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).
    R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Holt, Benjamin

  • 16 barrel

    1. бочка, бочонок || разливать по бочкам
    2. баррель (мера вместимости: англ. = 163,3 л; амер. = 119 л; для нефти = 159 л: для цемента = 170,5 кг)
    3. барабан, цилиндр, вал
    4. втулка, гильза; колонковая труба

    barrel of the boiler — корпус [барабан] котла

    full flow core barrel — двойная колонковая труба с увеличенными каналами для промывочного агента (бурового раствора или воздуха)


    * * *
    1. барабан; стакан; втулка

    full flow core barrel — двойная колонковая труба с увеличенными каналами для промывочного агента (бурового раствора или воздуха)


    * * *
    1. баррель (мера объёма нефти и нефтяных продуктов в США; 1 баррель 36° АНИ=0,1342 метрич. тонн)
    2. бочка, цилиндр; колонковая труба; втулка насоса; барабан лебёдки

    * * *
    баррель (мера нефтяных продуктов в США; 1 баррель = 42 галлона США или 144 литра)

    * * *
    1) баррель (мера вместимости,3 л; в США - 119 л; для нефти - 159 л; для цемента - 170,5 кг)
    2) характеристика продуктивности нефтяного месторождения в баррелях суточной добычи
    3) цилиндр; камера (гидравлического домкрата>); втулка (<<насоса); барабан; стакан
    5) гильза; колонковая труба

    barrels daily — суточная добыча в баррелях;

    million barrels per day oil equivalent — миллионов баррелей нефтяного эквивалента в день;

    barrels per calendar day — объём добычи в баррелях за календарные сутки;

    barrels per day — баррелей в сутки;

    barrels per day of oil equivalent — число баррелей в день нефтяного эквивалента;

    barrels per hour — баррелей в час;

    barrels per minute — баррелей в минуту;

    per barrel of oil produced — на единицу объёма добытой нефти;

    - barrels of acid water per hour
    - barrels of acid water under load
    - barrel of cement
    - barrel of fishing basket
    - barrels of condensate
    - barrels of condensate per day
    - barrels of condensate per hour
    - barrels of condensate per million
    - barrels of fluid
    - barrels of fluid per day
    - barrels of fluid per hour
    - barrels of formation water
    - barrels of fracturing oil
    - barrels of load oil
    - barrels of load oil recovered
    - barrels of load oil yet to recover
    - barrels of mud
    - barrels of new oil
    - barrels of oil
    - barrels of oil per calendar day
    - barrels of oil per day
    - barrels of oil per hour
    - barrels of oil per producing day
    - barrel of oil well pump
    - barrels of pipeline oil
    - barrels of pipeline oil per day
    - barrels of reservoir crude
    - barrels of salt water
    - barrels of salt water per day
    - barrels of salt water per hour
    - barrel of slurry
    - barrels of water
    - barrels of water injected per day
    - barrels of water load
    - barrels of water over load
    - barrels of water per day
    - barrels of water per hour
    - balanced core barrel
    - ball bearing core barrel
    - basket barrel
    - bottom discharge core barrel
    - cable-tool core barrel
    - casing barrel
    - clay barrel
    - clay coring barrel
    - core barrel
    - core barrel of double tube-rigid
    - core barrel of double tube-swivel
    - core retrieving barrel
    - deep-well pump barrel
    - deep-well working barrel
    - Denison core barrel
    - diamond core barrel
    - double core barrel
    - double core barrel with rubber sleeve
    - double-tube core barrel
    - double-tube core barrel of bottom discharge mud
    - double-tube rigid barrel
    - dry-sample barrel
    - extension core barrel
    - floating-tube core barrel
    - full flow core barrel
    - gun barrel
    - inner barrel
    - large-diameter design core barrel
    - liner barrel
    - main drum barrel
    - mud barrel
    - oil barrel
    - oil well pump barrel
    - orienting core barrel
    - outer barrel
    - outside barrel
    - Pickard core barrel
    - plain core barrel
    - poor-boy core barrel
    - pressure core barrel
    - pump barrel
    - reaming barrel
    - removable rectilinear core barrel
    - reservoir barrels
    - retractable core barrel
    - retrievable inner barrel
    - reverse-circulation core barrel
    - rigid-type core barrel
    - rigid-type double core barrel
    - rubber sleeve core barrel
    - sampler barrel
    - sampling barrel
    - sandblast barrel
    - sawtooth barrel
    - sectional core barrel
    - single-tube core barrel
    - siphon barrel
    - sleeve-type core barrel
    - sludge barrel
    - soil-sample barrel
    - split barrel
    - split inner-tube core barrel
    - split-tube barrel
    - starting barrel
    - starting casing barrel
    - stationary inner-tube core barrel
    - stock tank barrels
    - subsurface liner working barrel
    - subsurface pump working barrel
    - swivel barrel
    - swivel-tube core barrel
    - swivel-type double tube core barrel
    - traveling barrel
    - triple-tube core barrel
    - valve barrel
    - water-cutoff core barrel
    - winch barrel
    - winding barrel
    - wireline core barrel
    - working barrel
    * * *
    характеристика продуктивности нефтяного месторождения в баррелях суточной добычи

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > barrel

  • 17 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 18 public broadcasting service

    1) СМИ., гос. упр. общественное вещание (вещание некоммерческих СМИ на средства, собранные со слушателей и телезрителей)
    2) СМИ, гос. упр. = !
    "
    может быть, просто ""public broadcasting"", а не ""public broadcasting service""?
    "
    !
    "
    The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 354 member TV stations in the United States, with some member stations available over the air and by cable in Canada. While the term ""broadcasting"" encompasses both radio and television, PBS only covers TV; public radio in the United States is served by National Public Radio, as well as content providers American Public Media, and Public Radio International.
    "
    PBS was founded on November 3, 1969,[1\] at which time it took over many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET) (which merged with station WNDT Newark, New Jersey to form WNET). It commenced broadcasting on Monday, October 5, 1970. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations.
    PBS is a non-profit, private corporation which is owned collectively by its member stations.[2\] However, its operations are largely funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Its headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia.
    Unlike the commercial television broadcast model of American networks such as ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, The CW and MyNetworkTV, in which affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for network programming, PBS member stations pay substantial fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization.
    "
    This relationship means that PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly from market to market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism and PBS strives to market a consistent national line-up. However, PBS has a policy of ""common carriage"" requiring most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common schedule, so that they can be more effectively marketed on a national basis. This setup is in many ways similar to the pre-2002 British ITV system of having some ""networked"" programs shown nationwide on all network contractors, and the remainder of scheduling being up to individual affiliates.
    " "
    Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS has no central program production arm or news department. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary, or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. WGBH in Boston is one of the largest producers of educational programming. News programs are produced by WETA-TV in Washington, D.C., WNET in New York and WPBT in Miami. The Charlie Rose interview show, Secrets of the Dead, NOW, Nature, Cyberchase, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer come from or through WNET in New York. Once a program is offered to and accepted by PBS for distribution, PBS (and not the member station that supplied the program) retains exclusive rights for rebroadcasts during the period for which such rights were granted; the suppliers do maintain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, and sometimes PBS licensed merchandise (but sometimes grant such ancillary rights as well to PBS).
    " "
    PBS stations are commonly operated by non-profit organizations, state agencies, local authorities (e.g., municipal boards of education), or universities in their community of license. In some states, PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional ""subnetwork"" (e.g., Alabama Public Television). Unlike Canada's CBC/SRC, PBS does not own any of the stations that broadcast its programming. This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical license issues.
    "
    In the modern broadcast marketplace, this organizational structure is considered outmoded by some media critics. A common restructuring proposal is to reorganize the network so that each state would have one PBS affiliate which would broadcast state-wide. However, this proposal is controversial, as it would reduce local community input into PBS programming, especially considering how PBS stations are significantly more community-oriented, according to the argument, than their commercial counterparts.
    * * *

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > public broadcasting service

  • 19 fluid

    флюид; жидкость; газ; жидкая или газообразная среда; раствор; газонефтяная система || жидкий

    * * *
    флюид (жидкость, газ, смесь жидкостей и газов)

    brackish water-base drilling fluid — буровой раствор на жёсткой воде (напр. морской)

    organic colloid treated fluid — буровой раствор, обработанный органическим коллоидом

    saturated salt water-base drilling fluid — буровой раствор на воде, насыщенной поваренной солью

    to circulate drilling fluid — качать буровой раствор по замкнутой циркуляционной схеме;

    to confine formation fluid within the hole — удерживать пластовой флюид в скважине;


    * * *
    флюид (вещество, способное течь, фильтроваться через пористую среду; флюидами могут быть и жидкости и газы)

    * * *
    1) флюид (/i]); газонефтяная система
    2) газ; газообразная среда || газообразный
    3) жидкость; текучая среда || жидкий; текучий

    full of fluid — заполненный флюидом;

    fluid in hole — флюид в скважине;

    fluid in place — флюид в пластовых условиях;

    to circulate drilling fluid — качать буровой раствор по замкнутой циркуляционной схеме;

    to confine formation fluid within hole — удерживать пластовой флюид в скважине;

    to flash by borehole fluids — промывать пласт скважинными флюидами;

    to hold fluid within hole — удерживать пластовый флюид в скважине;

    fluid to surface — расстояние от уровня жидкости в скважине до дневной поверхности;

    - abrasive drilling fluid
    - acid-base fracturing fluid
    - acid-displacement fluid
    - acid-kerosene emulsion fluid
    - acid-spacer fluid
    - aerated displacement fluid
    - aerated drilling fluid
    - aerated spacer fluid
    - aggressive fluids
    - alkaline displacement fluid
    - alkaline spacer fluid
    - behind-the-packer fluid
    - Bingham fluid
    - borehole fluid
    - brackish water-base drilling fluid
    - breakdown fluid
    - bypass fluid
    - casing fluid
    - chemical washing fluid
    - circulating fluid
    - circulation fluid
    - clay-free completion drilling fluid
    - clear completion fluid
    - clear packer fluid
    - completion fluid
    - condensed fluid
    - coring fluid
    - control fluid
    - corrosive fluid
    - cut annular fluid
    - cuttings-laden mud fluid
    - displaced fluid
    - displacement fluid
    - displacing fluid
    - double-phase fluid
    - drill fluid
    - drilling fluid
    - driving fluid
    - emulsion displacement fluid
    - emulsion spacer fluid
    - endogenic fluid
    - erosion displacement fluid
    - erosion spacer fluid
    - ethyl fluid
    - fast drilling fluid
    - flush fluid
    - flushing fluid
    - formation fluid
    - forced out fluid
    - fracture fluid
    - fracturing fluid
    - free fluid
    - fresh water-base drilling fluid
    - gas cut fluid
    - gaseous fluid
    - gassy fluid
    - gypsum-treated drilling fluid
    - high-conductivity fluid
    - high-viscosity displacement fluid
    - high-viscosity spacer fluid
    - hydraulic fluid
    - hydraulic transmission fluid
    - hydrocarbon fluid
    - imbibition fluid
    - immiscible fluids
    - immobile fluid
    - injected fluid
    - injection fluid
    - interfacial fluids
    - interstitial fluid
    - invading fluid
    - invasion fluid
    - kick fluid
    - kill fluid
    - lignin displacement fluid
    - lignin spacer fluid
    - lime drilling fluid
    - lime-treated drilling fluid
    - load fluid
    - low-conductivity fluid
    - low-solid drilling fluid
    - low-viscosity displacement fluid
    - low-viscosity spacer fluid
    - mildly saline drilling fluid
    - miscible fluids
    - mixed fluid
    - mobile fluid
    - mobile formation fluid
    - mud fluid
    - mud-laden fluid
    - multiphase fluid
    - Newtonian fluid
    - nonfreezable packer fluid
    - non-Newtonian fluid
    - oil-base displacement fluid
    - oil-base packer fluid
    - oil-base protective fluid
    - oil-base spacer fluid
    - oil-emulsion drilling fluid
    - one-phase fluid
    - operating fluid
    - organic colloid-treated fluid
    - overflush fluid
    - packer fluid
    - perforating fluid
    - petroleum-based hydraulic fluid
    - polymer displacement fluid
    - polymer spacer fluid
    - pore fluid
    - preflush fluid
    - pressure fluid
    - pressurized fluid
    - processed drilling fluid
    - produced fluid
    - pump fluid
    - pumped-out fluid
    - refrigerating fluid
    - reservoir fluid
    - return fluid
    - saline displacement fluid
    - saline spacer fluid
    - saturated salt water-base drilling fluid
    - sealing fluid
    - shear thickening drilling fluid
    - shear thinning drilling fluid
    - single-phase fluid
    - solidifying displacement fluid
    - solidifying spacer fluid
    - sour fluid
    - spacer fluid
    - stimulation fluid
    - surfactant displacement fluid
    - surfactant spacer fluid
    - synthetic drilling fluid
    - thermostable displacement fluid
    - thermostable spacer fluid
    - top fluid
    - torque converter fluid
    - total fluid
    - treat fluid
    - treated drilling fluid
    - two-phase fluid
    - viscous displacement fluid
    - viscous spacer fluid
    - viscoelastic fluid
    - viscoelastic displacement fluid
    - viscoelastic spacer fluid
    - viscoplastic fluid
    - viscous fluid
    - viscous-plastic fluid
    - washing fluid
    - water-base displacement fluid
    - water-base drilling fluid
    - water-base rotary drilling fluid
    - water-base spacer fluid
    - weighted displacement fluid
    - weighted spacer fluid
    - wellbore fluid
    - well-completion fluid
    - well-killing fluid
    - working fluid
    - workover fluid
    * * *

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > fluid

  • 20 PWRI

    1) Общая лексика: обратное закачивание пластовой воды (Produced Water Reinjection), Public Works Research Institute
    2) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: produced water re-injection, Produced Water Re-injection Well
    3) Нефть и газ: Produced Water Reinjection

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PWRI

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